When to Use Whom vs. Who

When to Use Whom vs. Who Knowing when to use whom versus who can be difficult for even the most careful writers and speakers. Many writers and grammarians hope the day comes when whom is cast aside and designated by dictionaries as archaic. Indeed, Paul Brians, a professor in the Department of English at Washington State University, says, Whom has been dying an agonizing death for decades. Until the last nail is placed in the coffin, however, it will be helpful to learn when to use whom versus who in various circumstances. How and When to Use Whom Put simply, use whom- which is a pronoun- when it is the object of a sentence. If you can replace the word with her, him, or them for example, use whom. Youll know when to use whom if the pronoun is used in the objective case, or action is being done to the pronoun. Take the sentence: Whom  do you believe? The sentence may sound pretentious, even snobbish. But it is correct because whom is the subject of the infinitive to, as well as the object of the sentence as a whole. Turn the sentence around so that the object is at the end: You were talking to whom? When you replace whom with him, it becomes even clearer: You were talking to him.Were you talking to him? When to Use Who If whom is used for the objective case, who is used for the subjective case- when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence, or the person creating the action. Take the sentence: Who is at the door? The pronoun who is the subject of the sentence. Check this by replacing who with a subjective pronoun, swapping in she or he for who, as in: She is at the door.He is at the door. Who is always used as the subject of a sentence or clause, and whom is always used as an object. Examples In the following sentences, who is correctly used in the subjective case. You can check this by replacing the pronoun who with another subjective pronoun, such as she, he, or you, for example: Who is coming to dinner? (He is coming to dinner?)Who was that masked man? (He was that masked man? or He was the masked man.)Sally is the woman who got the job. (She got the job.) As previously noted, youll know when to use whom if the pronoun is used in the objective case, or action is being done to the pronoun, as in: To Whom It May Concern. (It may concern him.)I dont know from whom the love letter came. (The love letter came from him.)They fought over whom? (They fought over him? or They fought over them?)After whom do I enter the stage? (I enter the stage after him.)Whom did you recommend for the job? (I recommended him for the job.)For Whom the Bell Tolls (The title of this famous Ernest Hemingway novel is saying, The Bell Rings for Him.) Some of these sentences may sound odd, and this is why the word whom will probably disappear from the English language one day. As used in these examples, whom sounds a little awkward, even when its technically correct. How to Remember the Difference The key to understanding when to use whom or who is knowing the difference between  subjective  and  objective  case. Once you can easily identify the subject and the object of a sentence or clause, you will be able to figure out the correct usage of who and whom. For instance, if you want to decide which is correct in this sentence: Who/Whom should I consider as a college recommendation? Rearrange the sentence so that it will make sense using him or he. Youll come up with the following choices: I should consider him for the college recommendation.I should consider he for the college recommendation. The pronoun him is clearly better. Therefore, the correct word in the sentence above will be whom. Remember this simple trick, and youll always know when to use whom and when to use who.

Centromere Location and Chromosome Separation

Centromere Location and Chromosome Separation A centromere is a region on a chromosome that joins sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are double-stranded, replicated chromosomes that form during cell division. The primary function of the centromere is to serve as a place of attachment for spindle fibers  during cell division. The spindle apparatus elongates cells and separates chromosomes  to ensure that each new daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes at the completion of mitosis and meiosis. The DNA in the centromere region of a chromosome is composed of tightly packed chromatin known as heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is very condensed and is therefore not transcribed. Due to its heterochromatin composition, the centromere region stains more darkly with dyes than the other regions of a chromosome. Key Takeaways Centromeres are regions on a chromosome that join sister chromatids whose primary function is for the attachment of spindle fibers in cell division.While centromeres are typically located in the central area of a chromosome, they can also be located near the mid-region or at a number of different positions on the chromosome.Specialized zones on centromeres called kinetochores attach the chromosomes to spindle fibers in prophase in mitosis.Kinetochores have protein complexes that generate kinetochore fibers. These fibers help to orient and separate chromosomes during cell division.In meiosis, in metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward opposite cell poles while in meiosis II, spindle fibers extending from both cell poles attach to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Centromere Location A centromere is not always located in the central area of a chromosome. A chromosome is comprised of a short arm region (p arm) and a long arm region (q arm) that are connected by a centromere region. Centromeres may be located near the mid-region of a chromosome or at a number of positions along the chromosome. ​ Metacentric centromeres are located near the chromosome center.Submetacentric centromeres are non-centrally located so that one arm is longer than the other.Acrocentric centromeres are located near the end of a chromosome.Telocentric centromeres are found at the end or telomere region of a chromosome. The position of the centromere is readily observable in a human karyotype of homologous chromosomes. Chromosome 1 is an example of a metacentric centromere, chromosome 5 is an example of a submetacentric centromere, and chromosome 13 is an example of an acrocentric centromere. Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis Prior to the start of mitosis, the cell enters a stage known as interphase where it replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. Sister chromatids are formed that are joined at their centromeres.In prophase of mitosis, specialized regions on centromeres called kinetochores attach chromosomes to spindle polar fibers. Kinetochores are composed of a number of protein complexes that generate kinetochore fibers, which attach to spindle fibers. These fibers help to manipulate and separate chromosomes during cell division.During metaphase, chromosomes are held at the metaphase plate by the equal forces of the polar fibers pushing on the centromeres.During anaphase, paired centromeres in each distinct chromosome begin to move apart as daughter chromosomes are pulled centromere first toward opposite ends of the cell.During telophase, newly formed nuclei enclose separated daughter chromosomes. After cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), two distinct daughter cells are formed. Chromosome Segregation in Meiosis In meiosis, a cell goes through two stages of the dividing process. These stages are meiosis I and meiosis II. During metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward opposite cell poles. This means that homologous chromosomes will attach at their centromere regions to spindle fibers extending from only one of the two cell poles.When spindle fibers shorten during anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled toward opposite cell poles but sister chromatids remain together.In meiosis II, spindle fibers extending from both cell poles attach to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Sister chromatids are separated in anaphase II when spindle fibers pull them toward opposite poles. Meiosis results in the division, separation, and distribution of chromosomes among four new daughter cells. Each cell is haploid, containing only half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Centromere Anomalies Centromeres play an important role by participating in the separation process for chromosomes. Their structure however, can make them possible sites for chromosome rearrangements. Keeping the integrity of centromeres intact is thus an important job for the cell. Centromere anomalies have been linked to various diseases like cancer.

Computer Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Crime - Essay Example They apply different techniques of payment like credit card, e-cheques, and shopper's card. Smart-cards and e-wallets are few techniques to protect customer's information and convenient and safe for transactions and processing of data. Privacy has also grown in stature similar to security concerns to keep the personal information of customer intact. Technology and outsourcing model of business has taken the pressure off from the management team to some extent. Encryption, VPN, Firewall, SSL and precautionary measure from customer is essential in keeping the security system in control (Ghosh, 2001). Customer follows the three mandatory steps for processing the transactions. He enters the details of credit card to the e-merchant or payment gateway that passes through secure socket layer (SSL) of server and digital certificate of online service provider. Once validation in the initial layers of security check is complete, details provided by customer is processed by associated bank that handles the complex security information collected in the payment gateway. This collects the details of order and customer through e-business associate to finally approve the transaction. Authentication is first step in privacy matters that can ensure that right pers

Enterprise social networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Enterprise social networks - Essay Example Social media acts as a great equalizer. The educational institutions can utilize the social media and promote themselves without spending money and small colleges can also become popular instantly. There are many small colleges and educational institutes who have posted videos of their courses and online classes to create small advertisement with the resources available within the institute and uploaded them on YouTube or Facebook. Those videos received huge number of likes and the institutions became popular instantly. This study is based on utilizing social media networking for higher education and students in the universities and colleges. The cost for promotion through social networking sites is negligible and it is very easy to understand and handle. This will surely reduce the internal cost of the universities and colleges. Introduction The concept of enterprise social networking involves the usage of social networks or various social relations on the internet for various busin ess or personal purposes. Enterprise social networking basically works on the Web 2.0 platform. It is since 1990s the inception of social networking sites were seen in the world market. The first website motivating this concept was Theglobe.com in the year 1995. This website was only accessible by the registered users, but the website became available for general public usage from 1998. Since then many networking sites have come up for providing a common platform to share information (Uhomoibhi, 2006, pp. 4-14). However, the challenge was that internet, computers and related technology were not so much in use. People could neither easily afford them, nor were they considered important in daily lives of grown-up or any student. Eventually after the penetration of technology, World Wide Web and lightening fast speed of information, social networking mediums surfaced once again (Ernst & Young, 2012). The development of social networking and its rising popularity has been observed in th e 2000s. Nowadays social sites like MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and many more have become synonyms for social media industry. The popularity associated with social media is growing with the passing days and it is connecting more and more people on the basis of their preferences, similar purchase habits, likes and dislikes. Whether it is some news ticker that is promoting the view or news of some anchors or journalist on Twitter, social media is utilised everywhere and in every way. The latest insights revealed by a famous research firm Nielsen on social media networking and marketing states these above mentioned facts. USA claims to have 80 percent of the blog and social media users among the American countries (Nielsen, 2011). The time consumption of the students, youngsters, and also elders on the social media is increasing every day. For example about 60 percent of the customers who use more than two to three digital means definitely use social media as a means of resea rch when they go out to buy products or avail services (Nielsen, 2011). The brief introduction above clearly explains the scenario of the global market and also the penetration level of social media in our daily lives. Social media has penetrated in every field and industry. However, to narrow down the analysis, the discussion in this study would specifically include the usage of social media by students in schools, institutions, colleges, etc. A literary analysis of social media strategies and its four pillars would support the discussion further. Apart from this the probable role that social media can play in educational sector specifically in schools, university would also be evaluated.

Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Resource Management Essay Mattel is one the strongest manufacturers of toys in the world. It is the market leader in developing toys of highest international standards. But staying at the top is not easy for Mattel, as it is positioned in one of the most intensive natured markets in terms of competition. Mattel has over twenty-five thousand employees around the globe (Mattel, 2010). In fact, what makes Mattel No. 1 in the toy industry is its well trained and high skilled workforce. This paper will discuss the strategies implemented to enhance the productivity and skills of Mattel workforce. Question 1 The most important challenge for Mattel is to recognize and provide for the need of coordinated development. Development is an essential part of any organization. Mattel’s development programs were introduced by the CEO of the company. The first step was to develop broad based strategy. These development programs resulted in skilled and productive workforce. Secondly Mattel wished to integrate corporate culture, for which development facilitators met groups of 10 or 12 employees globally and supervised them how to implement the new culture. Mattel also introduced digital training centers, by which employees have access to more than 200 e-development courses. These measures have helped Mattel to convert its workforce as the most important assets of the company. As a result of all these actions, Mattel’s selection and recruitment strategies would likely improve and become more intense. The succession plan aims to retain HR talent, but as a result Mattel’s selection criterion would be more challenging. Apart from this, Mattel would wish to seek employees who are sociable and have good communication skills, as coordinated development efforts require employees from different departments to interact more. Further, Mattel might also judge the GK (General Knowledge), IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and EQ (Emotional Quotient) levels of new recruits as a part of enhanced selection strategy. (Mathis Jackson, 2008) Question 2 There is no probability of the instance where the developmental efforts of Mattel would appeal to some employees more than others. The rationale behind this is that the coordinated development efforts were aimed to work for all employees of the Mattel industry. Most employees of Mattel are related to manufacturing process, even if they work in different departments. Since majority employees work towards similar goal (manufacture highest quality toy), their mental and developmental processes would almost be the same. Furthermore, the developmental efforts and programs aim to create skilled and productive workforce does not involve technical training in manufacturing a toy, hence these processes are developed such as to appeal all Mattel employees equally. Lastly, Mattel has recently implemented an integrated corporate culture. This culture acts as a niche for the Mattel employees where they interact with other teams and seek to pursue coordinated development efforts. Thus Mattel employees can be defined as ‘bees collectively working to produce honey’. In such instances, these development efforts appeal all employees the same. (Bratton Gold, 2001) Question3 There can be several reasons for the ‘Barbie’ girls group and ‘Hot Wheels’ boys group not interacting with one another and working effectively together in the past. Firstly, Mattel requires its employees to feel the passion and become a part of what they manufacture. Hence, the Barbie girls group had all the instructions and manufacturing processes that coincided with Barbie’s feminine nature. While the Hot Wheels boys group reflected aggressive, daring and bold nature concepts in their manufacturing processes and instructions. Secondly, ‘Barbie’ and ‘Hot Wheels’ were brands of Mattel, and had different market segmentation and target markets. Hence the strategies designed to sell each brand was different and couldn’t have been merged. Barbie was targeted at teenage girls while Hot Wheels was targeted at teenage boys. Furthermore, the culture within which the employees of Hot Wheels and Barbie worked were completely different. There was nothing common in the cultural environment where both the brands were manufactured. (Montgomery, 1993) There are, however, several methods by which Mattel could reinforce the needs for these groups to work together. Firstly, the identity of both groups should be reinforced as a part of Mattel family rather than separate entities. Hence, the employees of both brands would realize that they are part of a Mattel family, and could interact with one another and share their secrets and strategies about skills, labor empowerment and employee dedication. Secondly, Mattel should more intensely implement a common corporate culture within the company which will create a common ground for Barbie and Hot Wheels manufacturers to work together. Thirdly, the need for coordinated development efforts should be emphasized upon by promoting teamwork and interaction to achieve goals (Mathis Jackson, 2008). Furthermore, managers can also use succession plans for key positions. Thus they can use terms as ‘Boys need Girls, and vice versa’ to emphasize the reality that both Hot Wheels (boys) and Barbie (girls) are equally important part of the company. Conclusion Mattel has developed several strategies and techniques to empower its employees. The development programs aims to improve skilled labor, and succession plans aim to retain human resource talent. If properly implemented, these strategies, along with the new corporate culture could enhance the performance and efficiency of all employees. These methods would surely help Mattel to retain the No. 1 spot as market leader in toy manufacturing industry. References Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2001). Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice. 2nd EditionNew York: Routledge Mathis, R. L. and Jackson, J. H. (2008). Human Resource Management. 12th Edition. New York: Cengage Learning Mattel (2010). Mattel Website. Accessed on August 23, 2010 from http://www. mattel. com/ Montgomery, B. P. (1993). Mattel, Inc. International Directory of Company Histories Vol. 7, pp. 304.

Superman vs. Christ Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Faster than a speeding bullet, stronger than a locomotive, jumps tall buildings in a single bound.† Superman is known throughout the world for being the savior of a city called Metropolis. In every comic book, movie, or action figure ever presented to the public, Superman is a handsome, strong man who can defeat all odds at all times. The movie Superman was a success, showing how the superhero saved lives and yet lived a humble life. As one watches the movie, though, he might notice the many similarities between the plot of the movie and the story of Christ’s coming. Superman, savior of the city Metropolis, mirrors the Savior of the world, Jesus Christ. Throughout the movie Superman, the names and the actions of the characters were similar to those of the Holy Bible. Two of the major name references to the biblical version deal with Superman (Kah-lel) and his father, Jor-el. In the Greek language, the name Jor-el means â€Å"God,† while the name Kah-lel means â€Å"Little God.† Another instance where the name game is played is in the case of Superman’s parents, Martha and John. It does not seem as if there is any other way to make these names be closer to Mary and Joseph, who are the parents of Christ. Zod and Ursula are two other characters present in the movie whose names may not be similar to those in the Bible, but represent the devil and all that is considered evil. These are some of the examples of how the use of names plays an important role in linking Superman the movie to th...

Explain why Martin Luther King was considered an Uncle Tom Essay

There are a number of reasons as to why Martin Luther King was and still is referred to as an ‘Uncle Tom’ by some. An Uncle Tom is a black man who behaves in a subservient manner to whites. Malcolm X, among many other blacks, referred to King in this manner. Firstly, many blacks at the time saw King’s non-violence practices as being overly moderate and passive. This is for a number of reasons, mainly that the Negro extremists he criticised dismissed his passion for non violence and was charged as hindering the Negro struggle for equality. Many extremists and those who hoped to go about matters more actively saw King as shying away from the real problem and not confronting matters head-on. He was perceived by many radicals as being ‘all talk, no action’ having brought high the hopes of many young blacks, such as in riot-stricken Ohio, and having done nothing to fulfil the hopes. Moreover, Malcolm X considered King as an Uncle Tom because he was adamant on using non-violence as a political philosophy. Malcolm X sat King’s insistence on using non-violence as a principle, as being suicidal and argued that he was an ‘Uncle Tom’ because non violence only makes sense in a situation under which the person has control over. Malcolm X advocated the idea of self-defence and therefore saw King’s idea of inter-dependence as being as obsequious as Uncle Tom. Lastly, Martin Luther King was considered an Uncle Tom because he had similar methods to that of previous authority figures who were also labelled as Uncle Tom’s. An example is Rosa Parks who used passive methods to get her way and so was called an Uncle Tom. Similarly, King was using a moderate approach and so was given the same label as those who had previously gone about their business similarly. All in all Martin Luther King was considered an Uncle Tom due to the influence of Malcolm X, whose more confrontational methods appealed to black youths who were disappointed with King’s failure to fulfil their hopes. Malcolm X’s influence resulted in many other blacks sharing the ideology that King was an Uncle Tom – this together with the fact that previous icons had been labelled in the same way, led to the growing belief that King was an Uncle Tom.

Elizabeth Short Case

The Black Dahlia Judge Eckert Judicial Function Pueblo Community College Abstract In the following paper I will be sharing the Elizabeth Short (Black Dahlia) case that took place in Los Angeles, in 1947. This case was so famous because the case was unsolved, the woman was beautiful, and the murder was so gruesome. On January 15, 1947 her body was found sliced in half and her body mutilated. A few days after the murder her killer called and said he would be sending her belongings. 0 days after the murder a package was delivered to the Examiner newspaper with Elizabeth’s belongings inside. The killer sent letters to the police and continued to toy with them till he sent a final letter declaring he would not reveal his identity. Media from all over the world wanted a piece of this story and the story was headlining for weeks. The story still gets attention from books and movies, but has slowed down since no other evidence has been found. Even though her killer hasn’t been found a case is important no matter what. The Black DahliaOn January 15, 1947, in a Los Angeles vacant lot, the mutilated body of a woman was found by Betty Bersinger and her 3 year old daughter (Elizabeth Short, Page 2). The victim had been sliced in half, beaten, and her intestines had been removed. The killer also slashed 3 inch gashes into the corners of her mouth, drained her body of blood, cut off her nipples, and put grass up her vagina. Bruising around her wrists and ankles indicated she had been bound with rope and tortured. At the scene, the body was washed clean of evidence and was lying top of dew determining she was killed elsewhere.Her murderer cleaned her body so well you could see the bristle marks from a brush. The only real evidence at the crime scene was a tire track, a bloody heel mark in this tire mark, and there was a paper cement sack with blood on it. The main detectives on the Black Dahlia case were Harry Hansen and Finis Brown. The detectives gathered her f inger prints and identified the woman as Elizabeth Short. At this point the media was all over this story. The Examiner reporters used this information to call Short’s mother and inform her Short had won a beauty contest.Before revealing the true reason they called the reporters gathered as much information as they could before informing her of her daughter’s death. The cause of death was hemorrhage and shock due to blows to the head and face (Scheeres, Page 3). Elizabeth Short, also known as the Black Dahlia, was a beautiful woman who was aspiring to become an actress in Hollywood. She was born on July 29, 1924, in Hyde Park, Massachusetts. She got the name â€Å"Black Dahlia† because of her black hair and black wardrobe. She spent a lot of her time in radio stations, bars, and nightclubs with new acquaintances.Her friends described her as the type of woman who got a lot of attention from men and went on a lot of dates. She depended on small jobs and the men sh e was around to support her. And as many men as she dated, it is hard to say which and if one of the men murdered her. The last time anyone saw Elizabeth was around 10:00 pm at the Biltmore Hotel on January 09, 1947. A couple days after the murder, the murderer called Jimmy Richardson, city editor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, and described the mutilation to the body and said he would send the police Shorts belongings.The personal belongings were photographs, her social security card, birth certificate, and an address book. The murderer sent other letters to toy with the police officers. Than finally, the killer sent a final letter stating â€Å"Have changed my mind. You would not give me a square deal. Dahlia killing was justified†. There were over 75 suspects in the Black Dahlia case but a lot of those suspects got thrown out. The main suspects in her case were Robert Manley, Mark Hansen, Cleo Short, Carl Balsiger, and George W. Welsh, Jr.Robert Manley was the first s uspect in her case because he was the last person to be with Elizabeth outside of the Biltmore Hotel. He was also given truth serum and found not guilty. In 1949, suspects testified in front of the Grand Jury and did not find anyone guilty. The case continued to be investigated but the Grand Jury stopped issuing progress reports by 1950. Sadly, this case has never been solved, but the media has always covered this case. When the murder was released the police and newspapers got tips and as well as confessions for Elizabeth’s death.For weeks this story was headlining papers and had citizens in a worry. Even today this case is so popular it has even made its way into movies and books(Who Was Elizabeth Short? , Page 4. ) This case is important because a young woman’s life was taken and no one has been found guilty of her murder. Every case is important, especially when searching for someone as twisted as Short’s killer. No one wants someone like that around others in society. Even though Short’s murderer is probably dead, it is always important to close a case for the sake of the victim and their family.References Elizabeth Short: The Black Dahlia. (n. d. ). Crime and Investigation Network. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http://www. crimeandinvestigation. co. uk/crime-files/elizabeth-short-the-black-dahlia/biography. html Scheeres, J. (n. d. ). The Black Dahlia Story. truTV. com. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http://www. trutv. com/library/crime/notorious_murders/famous/dahlia/index_1. html Who Was Elizabeth Short? (n. d. ). The Black Dahlia Website. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http://www. bethshort. com/about-beth. php

Religious Christmas Quotes

Religious Christmas Quotes For many people, Christmas is a religious celebration. Devout Catholics attend midnight mass on Christmas Eve.  Many Christians create nativity scenes at home and shopping malls to bring alive the birth of Jesus Christ. Despite concern that the true meaning of Christmas is being lost in the gift-giving family holiday, many still celebrate Christmas as a religious holiday. Bring joy to your fellow Christians by sharing these religious quotes with them.   Christmas Quotes Martin Luther King, Jr.Ah! Dearest Jesus, Holy Child, Make thee a bed, soft, undefiled; Within my heart, that it may be, A quiet chamber kept for thee. Calvin CoolidgeChristmas is not a time or a season but a state of mind. To cherish peace and good will, to be plenteous in mercy is to have the real spirit of Christmas. If we think  on these things, there will be born in us a Savior and over us will shine a star sending its gleam of hope to the world. AugustineHe was created of a mother whom He created. He was carried by hands that He formed. He cried in the manger in wordless infancy. He, the Word, without whom all human eloquence is mute. J.I. PackerThe Almighty appeared on Earth as a helpless human baby, needing to be fed and changed and taught to talk like any other child. The more you think about it, the more staggering it gets. Nothing in fiction is so fantastic as this truth of the Incarnation. Fulton J. SheenThe simple shepherds heard the voice of an angel and found their lamb; the wise men saw the light of a star and found their wisdom. Charles SpurgeonInfinite and an infant. Eternal and yet born of a woman. Almighty and yet hanging on a womans breast. Supporting a universe and yet needing to be carried in a mothers arms. King of angels and yet the reputed son of Joseph. Heir of all things and yet the carpenters despised son. John MacArthurIf we could condense all the truths of Christmas into only three words, these would be the words: God with us. We tend to focus our attention at Christmas on the infancy of Christ. The greater truth of the holiday is His deity. More astonishing than a baby in the manger is the truth that this promised baby is the omnipotent Creator of the heavens and the earth! Stuart BriscoeThe spirit of Christmas needs to superseded by the Spirit of Christ. The spirit of Christmas is annual; the Spirit of Christ is eternal. The spirit of Christmas is sentimental; the Spirit of Christ is supernatural. The spirit of Christmas is a human product; the Spirit of Christ is a divine person. That makes all the difference in the world. Agnes M. PharoWhat is Christmas? It is tenderness for the past, courage for the present, hope for the future. It is a fervent wish that every cup may overflow with blessings rich and eternal and that every path may lead to peace. Rev Billy GrahamThe very purpose of Christs coming into the world was that he might offer up his life as a sacrifice for the sins of men. He came to die. This is the heart of Christmas.

GALLO Surname Meaning and Family History

GALLO Surname Meaning and Family History The popular Italian surname Gallo has several possible origins. From the Latin  gallus, meaning cock, rooster, Gallo was often bestowed as a nickname for a proud person, especially one with a cocky or vain attitude. It may also have been used to describe someone with other attributes commonly attributed to a rooster, such as a loud voice, snappy dress, or sexual prowess. Gallo may also have originated as a name for someone from France or Gaul (Latin Gallus), or as a habitational name from any of several places named Gallo, especially common in southern Italy. The most prominent example is Gallo Matese in the Italian province of Caserta. Alternate Surname Spellings:  GALLI, GALLETTI, GALLINI, GALLONI, GALLONE, GALLUCCI, GALLELLI, GALLACCIOSurname Origin:  Italian, Spanish, Greek Famous People With the Last Name Gallo Ernest and Julio Gallo- brothers who built a company that at one time owned nearly half the vineyard acreage in CaliforniaJoey Gallo- New York City mobsterUlrich Galli- Swiss leader of the famous Bauernkreig Rebellion (Peasants Revolt) of 1623Robert Gallo- American biomedical researcher best known for  his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the infectious agent responsible for AIDSAgostino Gallo- 16th century  Italian agronomist Where Is the Gallo Surname Most Common? The Gallo surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is primarily found in Italy, where it ranks as the 13th most common surname. It is also somewhat common in Monaco (97th), Argentina (116th) and Uruguay (142nd). WorldNames PublicProfiler  also supports the popularity of the Gallo surname in Italy, particularly in the Calabria, Campania and Piemonte regions. After Italy, the name is most common in Argentina, especially in the Gran Chaco region. Genealogy Resources Meanings of Common Italian Surnames: Uncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames.Spanish Surname Meanings and Origins: Learn the naming patterns used for Hispanic surnames, as well as the meanings and origins of 50 of the most common Spanish surnames.Gallo Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Gallo family crest or coat of arms for the Gallo surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.Gallo World Family Foundation: This foundations  primary mission is to conserve and promote the heritage and culture of the  Gallo  family throughout the worldGALLO Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Gallo ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Gallo ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - GALLO Genealogy: Explore over 460,000 results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Gallo surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Gallo Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Gallo surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Gallo Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Gallo surname from the website of Genealogy Today.Ancestry.com: Gallo Surname: Explore over 550,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Gallo surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Ancident and Medieval Cities History Question 2 Essay

Ancident and Medieval Cities History Question 2 - Essay Example For example, figure 3.4 shows a boat being towed across a river which means river traffic is being controlled by the administrators on land. This certainly shows that the city had grown to a point where traffic on the river could cause confusion and even traffic jams which had to be avoided in order to keep Rome running efficiently. Just as the Romans had created pathways for clean water coming into the city and pathways for removing dirty water out of the city, their river transport systems allowed more to be done in less time. Of course the input of more goods coming from around the empire meant that the Romans needed specific ways and better methods for storing the goods that were coming to them. To handle this, they created granaries like the ones shown in figure 3.5 which allowed food and grain to remain fresh for longer periods of time than before. As reported by Dunn et. al. (2006), technological innovations allow cities to build more and grow at a faster rate than other cities and the expansion of Rome not only created the requirement for improved technology, it also answered the requirements with improvements in technology. In fact, such innovations are just a few of the total innovations which the Romans called on to help them in growing their city in a stable manner. For example, the presence of social services such as a city wide fire management system and the ability of their engineers to build multistory houses and apartment buildings only helped in expanding the city (Wikipedia, 2007). At the same time, their engineers and technologists also helped in expanding the overall size of the Roman Empire with the creation of empire wide systems of management that were greatly helped by the Roman development of paved roads and tracks. These roads allowed not only the fast movement of troops and legions but also of goods

Plasmid mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Plasmid mapping - Essay Example This DNA is now called as recombinant DNA. These vectors replicate inside the host cell along with the inserted DNA. These vectors are of two types: expression vectors (expression of the cloned gene to give the desired protein) and cloning vectors (produce millions of copies of cloned DNA). (Sambrook and Russell 2001). Restriction endonucleases are the enzymes that cut the DNA at the specific sequences. There are about 200 different restriction enzymes. (Brown 1995). The most common restriction endonucleases are EcoR1, BamH 1 and Pst1. All these restriction enzymes have sticky ends. The recognition sites for these restriction enzymes are as follows: EcoRI recognition site = G|AATTC Bam H1 recognition site = G|GATCC C TTAA |G C C T A GIG and Pst 1 recognition site = CTGCAIG GIACGTC (Siwach and Singh 2007). The pieces of DNA that remain after the digestion with the restriction enzymes are called as restriction fragments. Each restriction enzyme has a unique code and it cuts the DNA int o fragments with either sticky or blunt ends. A restriction map gives us the location where the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA. This restriction digestion is used for two purposes: Restriction mapping and specific DNA cleavage for the production of new constructs. The restriction mapping is used to identify the plasmids. The number of DNA fragments and the size of the DNA fragments depend upon the action of the restriction enzyme. These DNA fragments thus obtained are separated using the Agarose gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is the most powerful technique for separating the biomolecules. The DNA are negatively charged particles that are attracted towards the opposite charge under the influence of electric field. Here the agarose gel is the solid matrix. The solid matrix controls the rate of migration of the molecules based on the size of the particles and the concentration of the gel. The buffer is a mixture of organic and inorganic salts that helps to conduct the electr ic current between the positive and negative terminals. To visualize the DNA bands present in the gel, stains such as methylene blue and ethidium bromide are used. In our experiment we use ethidium bromide that fluorescence’s under the UV light. Ethidium bromide intercalates between the base pairs of DNA and fluorescence when exposed to the light of 250 – 300 nm. (Sambrook and Russell 2001). Materials and method: The materials are the same as mentioned in the practical handbook. Restriction mapping consists of three important steps. They are restriction enzyme digestion, agarose gel preparation and sample loading. 1) Restriction Enzyme digestion: The unknown plasmid sample is taken and they are digested using the restriction enzyme. The standard concentration of the plasmid DNA is 1 ?g/ 5 ?l. In order to standardize the plasmid and to enhance the enzyme reaction, 2 ?l of enzyme buffer is added to the digest. 1 ?l of the enzyme is added to the sample. The volume of the digest is made upto 20 ?l using the sterile water. The composition of the digest is as follows: For this Restriction digestion, BameH1,Pst1 and EcoR1 restriction enzymes were used. The final volume of each restriction digest was 20 microlitres. ? Hind3 (Marker)-Distance moved in the gel mm Plasmid DNA Enzyme 10Xenzyme buffer Sterile water Total EcoR1 5Â µl 1Â µl 2Â µl 12Â µl 20Â µl Pst1 5Â µl 1Â µl 2